Abstract
This study looks at how increased memory utilisation affects throughput and energy consumption in scientific computing, especially in high-energy physics. Our aim is to minimise energy consumed by a set of jobs without increasing the processing time. The earlier tests indicated that, especially in data analysis, throughput can increase over 100% and energy consumption decrease 50% by processing multiple jobs in parallel per CPU core. Since jobs are heterogeneous, it is not possible to find an optimum value for the number of parallel jobs. A better solution is based on memory utilisation, but finding an optimum memory threshold is not straightforward. Therefore, a fuzzy logic-based algorithm was developed that can dynamically adapt the memory threshold based on the overall load. In this way, it is possible to keep memory consumption stable with different workloads while achieving significantly higher throughput and energy-efficiency than using a traditional fixed number of jobs or fixed memory threshold approaches.

Abstract
Production flow analysis (PFA) is a well-established methodology used for transforming traditional functional layout into product-oriented layout. The method uses part routings to find natural clusters of workstations forming production cells able to complete parts and components swiftly with simplified material flow. Once implemented, the scheduling system is based on period batch control aiming to establish fixed planning, production and delivery cycles for the whole production unit. PFA is traditionally applied to job-shops with functional layouts, and after reorganization within groups lead times reduce, quality improves and motivation among personnel improves. Several papers have documented this, yet no research has studied its application to service operations management. This paper aims to show that PFA can well be applied not only to job-shop and assembly operations, but also to back-office and service processes with real cases. The cases clearly show that PFA reduces non-value adding operations, introduces flow by evening out bottlenecks and diminishes process variability, all of which contribute to efficient operations management.

Abstract
Despite ambitious efforts in various fields of research over multiple decades, the goal of making academic research relevant to the practitioner remains elusive: theoretical and academic research interests do not seem to coincide with the interests of managerial practice. This challenge is more fundamental than knowledge transfer, it is one of diverging knowledge interests and means of knowledge production. In this article, we look at this fundamental challenge through the lens of design science, which is an approach aimed primarily at discovery and problem solving as opposed to accumulation of theoretical knowledge. We explore in particular the ways in which problem-solving research and theory-oriented academic research can complement one another. In operations management (OM) research, recognizing and building on this complementarity is especially crucial, because problem-solving-oriented research produces the very artifacts (e.g., technologies) that empirical OM research subsequently evaluates in an attempt to build explanatory theory. It is indeed the practitioner-not the academic scientist-who engages in basic research in OM. This idiosyncrasy prompts the question: how can we enhance the cross-fertilization between academic research and research practice to make novel theoretical insights and practical relevance complementary? This article proposes a design science approach to bridge practice to theory rather than theory to practice.

Abstract
Annual reports of nine major pulp and paper companies from the past nine years were analyzed to assess their value creation capability, inventory levels, and operational speed capability. When scaled by sales, the differences in operational efficiency between companies are small. Large companies perform Similarly with their large and similar product palettes. Medium sized companies show slightly greater differences are greater. However, in several cases it is the small firms with local and focused operations which completely outperform the global players. Apparently, in contrast with other industries, the pulp and paper industry is still competing based on volume and share rather than on speed and hclency. The larger companies who first focus on operational speed will have a major advantage over their competitors in the future. Our trend analysis over the nine years of the study indicates that competition based on speed is about to start in this industry.

Abstract
This longitudinal study is based on nine in-depth case studies carried out over the past 9 years, entailing observation of and participation in the actual innovation processes taking place at the interface of big-science-industry cooperation. The resulting mutually benefiting innovation model integrates industrial and big-science R&D at moments when they best catalyse technological innovation processes by matching specific needs from both sides and facilitating their joint efforts during the cooperation. The big-science centre being CERN2 with its multiple skills, diverse assets and technology validation practices generate, when needs from both sides are clearly defined and well coupled, a most fertile ground to enable and boost industrial innovation. The big-science centre benefits from the cooperation through access to cutting edge technologies at reasonable cost and through manufacturing prospects which both bring optimal performance per cost ratio in instrument design and production. At the same time, it generates meaningful social practice and input into industrial innovation and new business creation. A successful matching process includes: industrial scouting and scanning to find applicable new technologies in the industry; assessment of related business development needs in order to find and create the right motivations for mutually benefiting cooperation; identification of functional specifications for big-science instruments; and an active match-making of needs, motivations and people as well as timing. The research documented in this report complements previous research efforts by providing detailed recommendations to all parties present in big-science collaborations, namely the big-science centres, member state policy-makers and industry experts and managers.

Abstract
For some specific types of construction projects, the classical CPM or PDM scheduling techniques are not the most suitable. Few specific scheduling approaches have been developed to cope with construction projects that are made of either repetitive activities or activities with linear developments. But real-world construction projects do not consist only of such activities. They are generally made of a mixture of linear and/or repetitive activities and of more conventional activities. To allow this, the linear scheduling problem is reformulated, so classical schedule calculation approaches can be used. The implementation of some Allen's algebra features to avoid adverse discontinuities and to allow crew/work continuity, together with a resource-driven and space-constrained scheduling are among the key features of the proposed approach. It is also a spin-off of off-the-field practices used for scheduling real projects in the particle accelerator construction domain; an excerpt from such a construction project is provided for illustrating the methodology.

Abstract
Supply networks where operational control extends well over organizational boundaries have emerged in industries producing relatively complex and customized products with tight profit margins. Products like ships, automobiles and telecommunication systems incorporate complex design and engineering skills that are produced through a tier-structured, multi-level supply networks. Efficiency in these networks has stemmed from specialization and cost efficiency in individual value adding operations. This paper demonstrates how supplier networks have evolved and how the inherent dynamics of these networks generate constantly new business opportunities for fast moving companies with a clear focus on operational efficiency. We use action research methodology on cases from the shipbuilding and constructions industry to document some of the dynamic features of supply networks. This insight is then applied to the electronics manufacturing services business to explain the fundamentals of successful operations in this highly competitive business with ever narrowing margins. In this dynamic market of contract manufacturing companies with constant focus on the reduction of production lead times by incorporating value added operations either physically or logically to maintain and recreate profitable business. To succeed in doing this, issues related to industrial parks, local tacit knowledge and reverse/repair logistics must be managed in cross-organizational manner. We conclude that there is an ever-changing limit to the expansion of supplier networks through specialization and cost efficiency, and that at one point contracting and integrating parts of the supply network will create operationally outperforming business models that further boost the inherent dynamics of supply networks.

Abstract
A study of 37 studies published during the period 1996-2003 all concerning international supply chain management, focused on issues related to global supply chain strategies and internationalization of operations in general, with special attention to practical business value and managerial implications. On a more detailed level, the studies were classified along the following key areas: business process improvement, management of organizations, and information technology. It became apparent that most of the studies concerned special cases and domestic issues, which limits the impact of the international dimension. Practical implications that would provide the managers of global supply chains with new insights and operational guidelines were few. Some of these findings concern how organizations should adapt to the removal of trade barriers, what kind of supply/demand chains structures are needed to respond to different customer needs, how to implement channel management, and how to apply new concepts to supply chain planning in order to improve efficiency.

Abstract
We employed the grounded theory method to construct a framework describing the distinctive mechanisms through which big-science centers generate industrial knowledge spillovers in the economy. Our focus is on large-scale big-science installations typically associated with experimental physics. We draw on social network, social capital, and inter-organizational learning theories to examine knowledge spillovers accruing to industrial partner companies in big-science?industry dyads. The context for the study is provided by CERN?s new particle accelerator project, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In addition to building a grounded theory framework for the study of industrial knowledge spillovers, our study demonstrates the distinctive potential that big-science centers offer as a source of knowledge spillovers in national innovation systems.

Abstract
To improve demand chain performance, is it better for parties in a supply chain to focus first on lead time reduction, or instead concentrate on improving the transfer of demand information upstream in the chain? Even though the theory of supply and demand chain management suggests that lead time reduction is an antecedent to the use of market mediation (i.e., adjusting production to fit actual customer demand as it materializes) [Harvard Business Rev. 75 (2) (1997) 105] to reduce transaction uncertainty in the chain, which can be conceptualized as the primary goal of supply chain management [J. Operat. Manage. 11 (3) (1993) 289], demand chain parties often are observed in practice to begin with information transfer improvement, ignoring the problem of long lead times. In this paper, we propose a framework for prioritizing lead time reduction in a demand chain improvement project, using a typology of demand chains to identify and recommend trajectories to achieve desirable levels of market mediation performance.

Abstract
Sixty-seven per cent of Iceland's total exports are fish-related products and of the total catch the domestic market consumes only a fraction. With its remote location from the main markets in Europe, US and Japan, efficient supply chain management plays a crucial role for the national economy of Iceland. This paper reviews the peculiarities of the supply chains in the fishing industry with its highly fluctuating raw material supply and stringent quality demands. To meet the relatively stable demand for fresh, salted and frozen fish, the supply chain must absorb the variations upstream of the material flow. The paper concludes that the future of the fish industry seems to rely on fish farming in order to meet the requirements of the customers and the objectives set for efficient supply chain management.

Abstract
This paper address problems related to distributed engineering projects (DEP) and how World Wide Web (WWW)-based technologies can improve projects? efficiency and success rate. The focus is on how WWW can improve project organisations to manage their knowledge, be it in the form of documents, formal communication or the tacit aspect of human interaction. In order to study the research hypotheses related to improved efficiency and leaner organisations resulting from networked operations, a layered framework is presented on organisational processes taking place in the distributed project business. This framework is applied to two industrial cases harnessing advanced networking technologies in their distributed operations. The cases have been picked to show diversity, the other one describes a global delivery process of complex investment goods and the other a smaller scale knowledge intensive company with rapid product release cycles. Basing on these cases the paper concludes that deploying advanced WWW-technologies to distributed engineering processes their punctuality, cost control and workflow can be improved. The cases indicate also, that the new tools enable the initiation of learning processes based on the quantitative information that accumulates in the network servers during the execution of the project. This information can be used to refine the organisation and focus the processes on the truly value-adding activities, which all support the research hypotheses set for the study.

Abstract
The paper discusses the management of time-critical operations and their dynamic interrelations in project environments. It is well known in theoretical literature that delayed operative tasks generate a cumulative effect, which delays the overall delivery time making efficient time management difficult. However, practising managers seem to be helpless with this phenomenon if judged by the often reported poor performance of project management. To control the use of time, managers tend to plan safety buffers in their operations, which bias the overall planning of projects. The result of all this is uncontrolled and unknown outcome of the whole operation and, even worse, it inherently makes development efforts very difficult to implement, as the true performance of the organization is hidden in the realization of airy plans. Based on case studies in various industrial environments, we propose that project schedules need to be managed by putting special emphasis on the time-use within individual tasks and by ensuring that work proceeds smoothly along the critical chain of tasks. To enable this, high transparency is needed on how time is used in project organizations.

Abstract
The main results from the operational analyses of 12 fine paper machines are compared and discussed. The key metrics studied for each machine were annual production volume, number of paper grodes produced, and average through put time with its variation in the whole supply chain from paper machine to customer. The variation in throughput time has been calculated in terms of the cost saving potential that would be realised if the whole material flow passed each step in the chain within 7 weeks from its initial production date. To justify this calculation, the assumptions made in relation to inventory carrying costs are discussed. The results indicate that machines turning out numerous paper grades tend to have longer throughput times in their supply chains, although exceptions do occur. Neither annual volume nor paper machine capacity has any clear correlation with throughput time. It is also shown that longer throughput times entail more variation in the supply chain. The fundamental result of the benchmark study indicates that, independent of the paper machine's size or the number of products being produced, a mill can be operationally efficient and outperform others in the market. The mills in the sample were studied during 1995 and 2000.

Abstract
This document discusses the benefits stemming from managing different project breakdown structures with an engineering data management system. The structures discussed are project breakdown structure (PBS), assembly breakdown structure (ABS), as-built structure and hardware breakdown. Each structure is presented from the quality management point of view and a practical example of each of the four structures is given to illustrate their differences, and to show what kind of engineering information is to be stored in these structures. The main underlying case is that of CERN and its global, over a decade-long Large Hadron Collider project. The approach used for managing the new particle accelerator project is benchmarked against the way large-scale shipbuilding projects are managed. It is concluded that several structures are needed to manage complex system projects, and that linking information between structures plays a crucial role for the overall success of the project. Information technology and WWW are envisaged to provide the means to manage complex structures among geographically distributed project organisations.

Abstract
Research on complex adaptive systems has generated several conceptual parables to explain systems with emergent behaviour. One prominent use for terms such as self-organization, evolutionary trajectories, co-evolution and punctuated equilibrium has been in understanding human organizations. In such systems, emergent behaviour is demonstrated in novel structures, processes and spin-offs that cannot be explained just by studying single components of the organization and the intelligence embedded in them. Instead of solely exploiting the qualitative explanatory power of the evolutionary concepts, this paper focuses also on quantitative methods to track emergent behaviour in a globally distributed, constantly fluctuating and highly networked project organization. The underlying case is that of CERN (CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, has its headquarters in Geneva. At present, its Member States are Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Israel, the Russian Federation, Turkey, Yugoslavia (status suspended after the UN embargo, June 1992), the European Commission and UNESCO have observer status.) and its decade long accelerator project, which strongly relies on electronic communication and networking to achieve its major objectives due to be accomplished by the year 2006. By using time series and self-organizing maps to analyse the global interaction among project groups and individuals the paper provides new insight to the understanding of emergent behaviour in human organizations. The key result of the study concerns the rigid deep structure of each case organization that seems to remain intact for the duration of the whole project.

Abstract
By drawing from field studies on three different types of business projects the paper outlines a improved document management approach. The three global cases, which comprise business process re-engineering (BPR), new product development (NPD) and one-of-a-kind manufacturing, enable to track a common set of document based operations which hold the vital information for the success of respective cases. This information reveals what is the true active organisation of the enterprise, what are the document usage profiles of the people and how knowledge-related creative processes are really performed by the organisation. In addition, the management is provided with new means to measure operational performance with better encompassing metrics. The approach and its partial implementation act as glue between various systems used within and between the collaborating companies.

Abstract
The traditional production management strategy in paper manufacturing is based on a volume-intensive approach. This involves the measurement of overall performance or productivity, while aiming at a high level of capacity utilisation and minimum waste levels. This approach has proved successful in mills producing high volumes with a limited and standardised product range. The situation changes radically when paper and board products are being tailored to customer-specified dimensions and quantities. The volume-based approach is no longer appropriate, and production has to be controlled by an approach that considers inventory performance along the full length of the supply chains. This paper presents five empirical examples to illustrate the use of the two strategies. The detailed analyses of production cycles, the logistical solutions applied and the inventory levels at various stages of the supply chain, show that the Nordic paper industry is slow, with average lead times of 79 days to market. When production cycles are reduced and logistical alternatives are fully exploited, it can be seen that 30% of the inventories can be regarded as slack. The summary of the cases shows that speedier operations easily generate direct cost savings amounting to 2?5% of annual turnover. All these results can be achieved without additional investment; all that is required is a change in production planning principles and logistical control procedures. The paper concludes with a challenge to the Nordic paper industry to be the first in its field to achieve the higher level of productivity that faster operations can generate.

Abstract
Projects in big science generate technology that may have considerable impact on industry. Technology transfer is widely regarded as valuable in creating new products and companies, but the most effective modes of operation for this activity are rarely understood. This paper documents the catalyzing events, key obstacles and other influences at CERN during the 4-year journey of the TuoviWDM software project from its initiation in 1995 to the launching of a spin-off company in late 1998. The description proceeds in chronological order and focuses on the technological and organizational factors that have affected the innovation process. The TuoviWDM software is a WWW-based extended enterprise interface to product data management systems and to data vaults residing in proprietary information systems. A group of organizations uses this integrated whole to store and access information and to manage operational processes. The large projects and global user base at CERN provided the development team with an extremely flexible, occasionally surprisingly benign, and always challenging environment to develop the system. The opportunities to exploit the diversity hidden in the world's largest particle physics laboratory are immense. However, this case has again demonstrated that in a public sector organization the climate, the procedures, and the decision-making bodies, which are related to creation of technology and to technology transfer, may be supportive, irrelevant or even counter-productive. The goal of technology transfer activity should be to fertilize the industries of the participating countries rather than to try to obtain additional finance for the research organization. Policy makers need to compare the weight of these two aspects when technology transfer policies are formulated for big science organizations.

Abstract
This paper describes a practical model and procedure on how to tender products based on new, emerging technologies. This situation prevails in large-scale scientific projects and in other, mostly publicly funded, efforts to construct systems of significant technological scale. The paper proposes a double-blind communication and tendering procedure for establishing the means, partners and economic framework for the projects that finally commit to accomplish the task. This procedure sets a dedicated technological broker in to central position of the information exchange between the buyer and supplier. The presented procedure reduces any political interference, ensures more accurate cost estimates and helps the project to obtain better financial basis to kick-off. When in operation, the procedure can be used for determining the costs and most prominent technological trajectories for a proposed solution. The approach presented paves the ground towards the emergence of virtual markets for products yet-to-be-engineered.

Abstract
We live and work in an era when seemingly every waking minute brings an invitation to visit yet another site on the World Wide Web. Inundated with calls to check out www.whatever.com, we can easily lose sight of the fact that the birth of the Web is part of our very recent history. And notwithstanding the proliferation of personal and corporate vanity pages on the Web, this world of hyperlinks and hot spots has brought about dramatic changes in the means by which many individuals and organizations communicate, work, and trade. For new-products professionals interested in the processes that give rise to radical innovations, what lessons can be learned from the development of the World Wide Web?¦¦To gain insight into the process that resulted in the development of the first Web browser and Web server software, Ari-Pekka Hameri and Markus Nordberg examined project proposals, e-mail exchanges, and other documentation, and they interviewed key personnel who were involved in the process. From this research, they were able to document the process and the environmental constraints that shaped the development and diffusion of the tools and technologies that form the foundation of the World Wide Web.¦¦Although a staggeringly diverse range of Web-related services and applications have surfaced during the past few years, the original Web tools and technologies were targeted for a relatively small, focused community of researchers. Specifically, the origins of the World Wide Web are found in efforts aimed at meeting the information-sharing needs of researchers in the realm of high-energy physics. This far-flung group required a global network that could facilitate the interchange of documents stored in diverse formats on a wide variety of computing platforms.¦¦Meeting those needs required neither excessive R&D investments nor radically new core technologies. Instead, the solution involved the integration of existing technologies--networking tools and protocols, document formats, and desktop applications and development tools--by an innovator who had both the necessary vision and firsthand knowledge of the practical benefits that were needed. From a management perspective, perhaps the key lesson learned involves giving R&D personnel both the freedom and the support to initiate new projects and studies.

Abstract
In an operational situation companies both deliver and develop products, with continuous demands for shorter cycle times. This increases the importance of learning. It is argued here that companies do not fully exploit their experience from previous projects. The same mistakes tend to occur from project to project. Yet it is shown with the help of empirical evidence, from five product development projects, that by introducing simple managerial principles which activate organisational learning, companies can improve their efficiency. It is also argued that modern and interactive communication tools provide a means for managing and acquiring a better understanding of physically dispersed product development and manufacturing operations. It is concluded that by establishing clear documentation protocols to track the evolution of the product during its life cycle and by exploiting the modern communication media to implement simple managerial principles, project management can master the dispersed multi-project environment of today's manufacturing companies better. At its best, organisational learning can be a continuous and self-feeding process catalysed by advanced on-line metrics visualising the product development process.

Abstract
Advanced manufacturing companies are facing a shift in their focus of development efforts. Improvements on manufacturing itself and on operations management are, in many cases, pushed already to the extreme. Only small adjustments and investment-based development work exists. Against this facet, the underlying hypothesis of the paper is that the near future winners are companies mastering information/data/document management, while the ultimate goals of the development remain the same: increase productivity, reduce lead times, shorten design cycles, etc. The paper studies empirically the state-of-the-art of information systems supporting the delivery process in one-of-a-kind companies. Eight case studies based on interviews show that current applications seldom provide flexible means to maintain coherently all of the product related information during the main phases of products life-cycle. All of the studied companies, which operate on global markets, are increasingly focusing on documentation management with multiple ways, as the study found in-house development work, companies waiting for suitable tools and simple ad hoc solutions. Finally, the implications of networked information technology on the controllability of the delivery process in a one-of-a-kind environment is discussed.

Abstract
This paper addresses the importance of the actions to be taken before the project planning phases begin. The approach taken stems from the production planning paradigm, with emphasis on the product, rather than on the process. It is argued that a complete part list or product breakdown structure (PBS) is the absolute prerequisite for the design of a successful work breakdown structure (WBS) for a project. This process requires the definition of the design and configuration disciplines during the engineering phase. These critical issues of concurrent engineering and product development are also emphasized in the paper. The WBS is, in turn, needed to establish a suitable organizational breakdown structure (OBS or organigram) for the project. Finally, the assembly sequence and the related assembly breakdown structure (ABS) of the end product is required before commencing the project planning phase, which provides the schedules, resource allocation, progress control, and the like for the project management. Detailed definition of the product enables the definition of the work packages within the WBS, which combined with the installation information provide the means to structure the layout for the project organization. The result of the entire process, that begins with the product definition phase and ends with the completion of the planning phase, is called the project management plan. The procedure described in the paper will be used to design the project management plan for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 10-year ‘ordeal’ commencing at the beginning of the 1995, at CERN.

Abstract
This paper discusses the project management issues in global one-of-a-kind-projects with several years of duration along with considerable design and engineering work. The main functions related to the coordination of such projects are related to communication, product control and management itself. Exploitation of modern communication technologies provides the project with the means to tackle collaboration barriers stemming from geographically distant partners. Yet, it is argued that electronic networking must be complemented with carefully phased face-to-face milestone meetings. Product control aspect breaks down into design change, engineering work and information flow control, that is configuration management. In this way the product and its compliance with customer needs is secured with overall cost efficiency during the product's whole life cycle. Apart from the traditional planning, scheduling and control functions, along with the ultimate authorization, the project management issues also cover the integrative role and, above all, the reconnaissance procedures to detect from past and present progress the prominent near-future pitfalls. Based on empirical observations of global one-of-a-kind projects the paper argues that strict management protocols combined with efficient communication infrastructure provide the best means to ensure that the project goals are met under the given budget, schedule and quality requirements.

Abstract
The deluge of hype about the wonders of the Internet, Intranets, and the World Wide Web continues unabated. At the same time, we hear numerous tales about endless streams of busy signals, broken connections, and painfully slow response times. Surveying the apparent gap between the promise and the often-painful reality, a skeptical manager might reasonably question whether this technology can satisfy the rigorous demands of business users such as product development project teams.¦¦In a case study of a large, geographically distributed product development project, Ari-Pekka Hameri and Jukka Nihtilä find that Web-based applications can play an important role in new-product development (NPD) efforts. Particularly when projects involve numerous teams from various locations, such tools can provide effective media for communicating and disseminating information. The case study also suggests that these networked information technology (IT) applications can offer important benefits in terms of project and process management.¦¦The project described in this study involves a major NPD collaboration, with several independent subprojects and hundreds of team members from various research institutes and companies. The Internet and the World Wide Web provide the media for managing and disseminating project data. Using hypertext links, the Web-based system gives team members easy access to engineering drawings, 3D models, parameter lists, prototype test results, and other engineering information. The point-and-click interface also allows team members to access information about the project structure and schedules, as well as meeting notes, newsgroups, and electronic bulletin boards.¦¦Analysis of the file-transfer activities between the Web server and the project groups highlights several important points regarding networked IT applications, information sharing, and project management. First, the system used in this project serves primarily for disseminating information, rather than for fostering collaboration between different groups. Increased collaboration among networked team members probably requires more sophisticated version- and configuration-management capabilities. Second, file-transfer activities typically come in bursts around project milestones; this highlights the essential role that project milestones play in coordinating the work of distributed team members. The electronic media enhance not only the work leading up to milestones, but also the dissemination of decisions made at each milestone.

Abstract
The epistemic (knowledge creation) benefits of big science centres are obvious to everyone. During an era of tight budgetary constraints, however, it is difficult to justify the existence of these centres on the basis of their epistemic contributions alone. Although it is recognized that the contributions are not limited to epistemic types only, the picture of other types of contribution (e.g., spin-off benefits) remains blurred. The present paper proposes a framework for depicting and discussing the various contributions of big science centres in a systematic manner.¦¦The main objective of the paper is to provide policy-makers, industrialists, and academics with a framework to justify, motivate and establish systematic technological interaction between big science centres and industry. The framework comprises six basic dimensions. These dimensions are viewed both from the industrial and from the scientific perspective, and partly from the public perspective. It is argued that direct and measurable incentives constitute only a fraction of the overall benefits stemming from the industrial-scientific collaboration. The paper concludes with a framework of motivations and actions to materialize them.

Abstract
Pure science-driven incentives and applied industrial and technology policy have seldom produced significant synergy. The demarcation between basic and applied research is still valid, yet from the industrial and macro-economic point of view this classification has become obsolete and the pursuit towards common welfare should be prioritized.¦¦This paper studies what steps should be taken in a large-scale basic research centre to produce, in a more efficient way, both the epistemic utilities required by the scientific community and the practical utilities demanded by industrial and national institutions. The aim is to develop an approach that enables industrial companies to consolidate themselves with the technologies and other services needed to accomplish major basic research experiments. The paper provides an overview of the concepts describing the technology transfer, diffusion and innovation functions in an organization and how they should be implemented into the strategy and operational activities of a basic research centre.¦¦The paper concludes that without organized and well focused interaction with industry the gains from basic research are not exploited. It presents various scenarios of cooperation and practical suggestions to accomplish fertile communication between academic community and industry. The key factor in collaboration is in learning by interacting; thus, being part of the knowledge creation process, the prospects for both scientific inventions and industrial innovations are established. The underlying case is that of CERN and especially the 10-year accelerator project at its commencement.

Abstract
The difficulties related to the commercialization, or even to the introduction, of new technologies and solutions to common problems are well documented. The paper presents a case on how to introduce new technology to a complex research environment, in order to catalyse its commercialization. The central theme of the approach is on understanding all the possible applications and implications that the new technology shares when implemented to replace conventional solutions. The potential customer of the new technology and the related technological domains must be mapped systematically to establish technological trajectories which overlap with the possible applications. This mapping provides the framework for detailed application analysis with pointers to the right people responsible for the potential application area.¦¦The results produced indicate that three characteristic application classes for a new technology can be mapped. Special solutions pinpoint a non-standard application area where the new design is being implemented as a prototype. Research and development based applications require collaboration with the customer as the new technology may assist in achieving the goals set for the future. System applications emphasize the use of the new technology as part of a complete and widely used conventional system. A thorough case study is documented to demonstrate the classification of alternative application areas of a new technology. Also, the evolution of a new technology through different application classes is discussed. The case technology is related to high-speed electrical machines and the potential user is CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics.

Abstract
This paper focuses on the construction of an integrated model of technological systems. The model has two purposes:¦¦1. (1) to clarify the scope and relations of various concepts in this field, especially the concepts of technology, of national systems of innovation, and of technological systems; and¦2. (2) to provide a framework in which to study the conceptualization and construction of evolving technological systems.¦¦These purposes require the creation of new concepts and the redefinitions of some familiar ones. The model is structured at four levels of aggregation:¦¦1. (1)the individual;¦2. (2)the organizational;¦3. (3)the sectoral; and¦4. (4)the national.¦¦From within this structure we can identify parallaxes, or changes in the appearance of each of the four levels as the level from which observation takes place is changed. The structure of the model and the concept of parallax serve to clarify some important complexities of the dynamics of the system within which technological change takes place.

Abstract
The main argument of this paper is that a holistic view together with a multidimensional simulation tool outperforms the conventional means of logistics planning. By comprising the customer requirements, measurement of economical performance, supply constraints, physical material flows and ecological assessment the tool described provides the company management with a fast and reliable appraisal of various logistics scenarios of the future. Questions such as where to store, produce or locate production and under which exogenous circumstances will receive analyzed answers. Technical solution based on high-speed computing enables the evaluation of detailed and accurate models with voluminous data in reasonable response times. All this is integrated with a high-standard graphical user interface with interactive presentation and analysis of results. The paper discusses the applied approach and the solution structure of the system. The work is associated with an ongoing Esprit III project #8615—LOCOMOTIVE (Logistic Chain Multidimensional Design Toolbox with Environmental Assessment).

Abstract
Innovation is the driving force behind technological development and economic growth. As inventions develop into innovations, they ultimately change the market environment and permit profit making. This paper studies the triggering actions and motivations behind several technological innovations by using the concept of technical norm in structuring and understanding them. The main objective of this paper is to show how the simple formalism of technical norm can have strong explanatory power when explaining technological action. An examination of thirteen cases shows that most inventions and innovations stem from situational constraints and individual determination. Other significant factors are experience, coincidence, understanding of user needs, and adequate financial resources. A brief discussion on innovators' free will concludes this article.

Abstract
This paper focuses on the problems of logistics from several viewpoints relevant in practice. Empirical observations are extracted from different branches of industry. Based on these observations we classify a set of approaches. We consider that an appropriate approach in future is the integrated paradigm having a basis on traditional industrial engineering discipline supported by information, communication and calculational technologies. This paper is associated with an ongoing Esprit II project 2277-CMSO (CIM for Multisupplier Operations).

Abstract
Summary¦This dissertation explores how stakeholder dialogue influences corporate processes, and speculates about the potential of this phenomenon - particularly with actors, like non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other representatives of civil society, which have received growing attention against a backdrop of increasing globalisation and which have often been cast in an adversarial light by firms - as a source of teaming and a spark for innovation in the firm.¦The study is set within the context of the introduction of genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) in Europe. Its significance lies in the fact that scientific developments and new technologies are being generated at an unprecedented rate in an era where civil society is becoming more informed, more reflexive, and more active in facilitating or blocking such new developments, which could have the potential to trigger widespread changes in economies, attitudes, and lifestyles, and address global problems like poverty, hunger, climate change, and environmental degradation. In the 1990s, companies using biotechnology to develop and offer novel products began to experience increasing pressure from civil society to disclose information about the risks associated with the use of biotechnology and GMOs, in particular. Although no harmful effects for humans or the environment have been factually demonstrated even to date (2008), this technology remains highly-contested and its introduction in Europe catalysed major companies to invest significant financial and human resources in stakeholder dialogue. A relatively new phenomenon at the time, with little theoretical backing, dialogue was seen to reflect a move towards greater engagement with stakeholders, commonly defined as those "individuals or groups with which. business interacts who have a 'stake', or vested interest in the firm" (Carroll, 1993:22) with whom firms are seen to be inextricably embedded (Andriof & Waddock, 2002).¦Regarding the organisation of this dissertation, Chapter 1 (Introduction) describes the context of the study, elaborates its significance for academics and business practitioners as an empirical work embedded in a sector at the heart of the debate on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Chapter 2 (Literature Review) traces the roots and evolution of CSR, drawing on Stakeholder Theory, Institutional Theory, Resource Dependence Theory, and Organisational Learning to establish what has already been developed in the literature regarding the stakeholder concept, motivations for engagement with stakeholders, the corporate response to external constituencies, and outcomes for the firm in terms of organisational learning and change. I used this review of the literature to guide my inquiry and to develop the key constructs through which I viewed the empirical data that was gathered. In this respect, concepts related to how the firm views itself (as a victim, follower, leader), how stakeholders are viewed (as a source of pressure and/or threat; as an asset: current and future), corporate responses (in the form of buffering, bridging, boundary redefinition), and types of organisational teaming (single-loop, double-loop, triple-loop) and change (first order, second order, third order) were particularly important in building the key constructs of the conceptual model that emerged from the analysis of the data. Chapter 3 (Methodology) describes the methodology that was used to conduct the study, affirms the appropriateness of the case study method in addressing the research question, and describes the procedures for collecting and analysing the data. Data collection took place in two phases -extending from August 1999 to October 2000, and from May to December 2001, which functioned as `snapshots' in time of the three companies under study. The data was systematically analysed and coded using ATLAS/ti, a qualitative data analysis tool, which enabled me to sort, organise, and reduce the data into a manageable form. Chapter 4 (Data Analysis) contains the three cases that were developed (anonymised as Pioneer, Helvetica, and Viking). Each case is presented in its entirety (constituting a `within case' analysis), followed by a 'cross-case' analysis, backed up by extensive verbatim evidence. Chapter 5 presents the research findings, outlines the study's limitations, describes managerial implications, and offers suggestions for where more research could elaborate the conceptual model developed through this study, as well as suggestions for additional research in areas where managerial implications were outlined. References and Appendices are included at the end.¦This dissertation results in the construction and description of a conceptual model, grounded in the empirical data and tied to existing literature, which portrays a set of elements and relationships deemed important for understanding the impact of stakeholder engagement for firms in terms of organisational learning and change. This model suggests that corporate perceptions about the nature of stakeholder influence the perceived value of stakeholder contributions. When stakeholders are primarily viewed as a source of pressure or threat, firms tend to adopt a reactive/defensive posture in an effort to manage stakeholders and protect the firm from sources of outside pressure -behaviour consistent with Resource Dependence Theory, which suggests that firms try to get control over extemal threats by focussing on the relevant stakeholders on whom they depend for critical resources, and try to reverse the control potentially exerted by extemal constituencies by trying to influence and manipulate these valuable stakeholders. In situations where stakeholders are viewed as a current strategic asset, firms tend to adopt a proactive/offensive posture in an effort to tap stakeholder contributions and connect the organisation to its environment - behaviour consistent with Institutional Theory, which suggests that firms try to ensure the continuing license to operate by internalising external expectations. In instances where stakeholders are viewed as a source of future value, firms tend to adopt an interactive/innovative posture in an effort to reduce or widen the embedded system and bring stakeholders into systems of innovation and feedback -behaviour consistent with the literature on Organisational Learning, which suggests that firms can learn how to optimize their performance as they develop systems and structures that are more adaptable and responsive to change¦The conceptual model moreover suggests that the perceived value of stakeholder contribution drives corporate aims for engagement, which can be usefully categorised as dialogue intentions spanning a continuum running from low-level to high-level to very-high level. This study suggests that activities aimed at disarming critical stakeholders (`manipulation') providing guidance and correcting misinformation (`education'), being transparent about corporate activities and policies (`information'), alleviating stakeholder concerns (`placation'), and accessing stakeholder opinion ('consultation') represent low-level dialogue intentions and are experienced by stakeholders as asymmetrical, persuasive, compliance-gaining activities that are not in line with `true' dialogue. This study also finds evidence that activities aimed at redistributing power ('partnership'), involving stakeholders in internal corporate processes (`participation'), and demonstrating corporate responsibility (`stewardship') reflect high-level dialogue intentions. This study additionally finds evidence that building and sustaining high-quality, trusted relationships which can meaningfully influence organisational policies incline a firm towards the type of interactive, proactive processes that underpin the development of sustainable corporate strategies. Dialogue intentions are related to type of corporate response: low-level intentions can lead to buffering strategies; high-level intentions can underpin bridging strategies; very high-level intentions can incline a firm towards boundary redefinition.¦The nature of corporate response (which encapsulates a firm's posture towards stakeholders, demonstrated by the level of dialogue intention and the firm's strategy for dealing with stakeholders) favours the type of learning and change experienced by the organisation. This study indicates that buffering strategies, where the firm attempts to protect itself against external influences and cant' out its existing strategy, typically lead to single-loop learning, whereby the firm teams how to perform better within its existing paradigm and at most, improves the performance of the established system - an outcome associated with first-order change. Bridging responses, where the firm adapts organisational activities to meet external expectations, typically leads a firm to acquire new behavioural capacities characteristic of double-loop learning, whereby insights and understanding are uncovered that are fundamentally different from existing knowledge and where stakeholders are brought into problem-solving conversations that enable them to influence corporate decision-making to address shortcomings in the system - an outcome associated with second-order change. Boundary redefinition suggests that the firm engages in triple-loop learning, where the firm changes relations with stakeholders in profound ways, considers problems from a whole-system perspective, examining the deep structures that sustain the system, producing innovation to address chronic problems and develop new opportunities - an outcome associated with third-order change.¦This study supports earlier theoretical and empirical studies {e.g. Weick's (1979, 1985) work on self-enactment; Maitlis & Lawrence's (2007) and Maitlis' (2005) work and Weick et al's (2005) work on sensegiving and sensemaking in organisations; Brickson's (2005, 2007) and Scott & Lane's (2000) work on organisational identity orientation}, which indicate that corporate self-perception is a key underlying factor driving the dynamics of organisational teaming and change. Such theorizing has important implications for managerial practice; namely, that a company which perceives itself as a 'victim' may be highly inclined to view stakeholders as a source of negative influence, and would therefore be potentially unable to benefit from the positive influence of engagement. Such a selfperception can blind the firm from seeing stakeholders in a more positive, contributing light, which suggests that such firms may not be inclined to embrace external sources of innovation and teaming, as they are focussed on protecting the firm against disturbing environmental influences (through buffering), and remain more likely to perform better within an existing paradigm (single-loop teaming). By contrast, a company that perceives itself as a 'leader' may be highly inclined to view stakeholders as a source of positive influence. On the downside, such a firm might have difficulty distinguishing when stakeholder contributions are less pertinent as it is deliberately more open to elements in operating environment (including stakeholders) as potential sources of learning and change, as the firm is oriented towards creating space for fundamental change (through boundary redefinition), opening issues to entirely new ways of thinking and addressing issues from whole-system perspective. A significant implication of this study is that potentially only those companies who see themselves as a leader are ultimately able to tap the innovation potential of stakeholder dialogue.

Abstract
ABSTRACT¦This dissertation focuses on new technology commercialization, innovation and new business development. Industry-based novel technology may achieve commercialization through its transfer to a large research laboratory acting as a lead user and technical partner, and providing the new technology with complementary assets and meaningful initial use in social practice. The research lab benefits from the new technology and innovation through major performance improvements and cost savings. Such mutually beneficial collaboration between the lab and the firm does not require any additional administrative efforts or funds from the lab, yet requires openness to technologies and partner companies that may not be previously known to the lab- Labs achieve the benefits by applying a proactive procurement model that promotes active pre-tender search of new technologies and pre-tender testing and piloting of these technological options. The collaboration works best when based on the development needs of both parties. This means that first of all the lab has significant engineering activity with well-defined technological needs and second, that the firm has advanced prototype technology yet needs further testing, piloting and the initial market and references to achieve the market breakthrough. The empirical evidence of the dissertation is based on a longitudinal multiple-case study with the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. The key theoretical contribution of this study is that large research labs, including basic research, play an important role in product and business development toward the end, rather than front-end, of the innovation process. This also implies that product-orientation and business-orientation can contribute to basic re-search. The study provides practical managerial and policy guidelines on how to initiate and manage mutually beneficial lab-industry collaboration and proactive procurement.